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|Section2= |Section3= |Section4= }} Dicopper chloride trihydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula Cu2(OH)3Cl. It is often referred to as tribasic copper chloride (TBCC), copper trihydroxyl chloride or copper hydroxychloride. It is a greenish crystalline solid encountered in mineral deposits, metal corrosion products, industrial products, art and archeological objects, and some living systems. It was originally manufactured on an industrial scale as a precipitated material used as either a chemical intermediate or a fungicide. Since 1994, a purified, crystallized product has been produced at the scale of thousands of tons per year, and used extensively as a nutritional supplement for animals. ==Natural occurrence== Cu2(OH)3Cl occurs as natural minerals in four polymorphic crystal forms: atacamite, paratacamite, clinoatacamite, and botallackite. Atacamite is orthorhombic, paratacamite is rhombohedral, and the other two polymorphs are monoclinic. Atacamite and paratacamite are common secondary minerals in areas of copper mineralization and frequently form as corrosion products of Cu-bearing metals.〔Richardson, H. W. Ed., Handbook of Copper Compounds and Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, U.S.A., 1997, 71.〕〔(a) http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/atacamite.pdf; (b) http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/botallackite.pdf; (c) http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/paratacamite.pdf (d) http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/clinoatacamite.pdf 〕〔(a) http://webmineral.com/data/Atacamite.shtml; (b) http://webmineral.com/data/Botallackite.shtml; (c) http://webmineral.com/data/Paratacamite.shtml; (d) http://webmineral.com/data/clinoatacamite.shtml.〕〔(a) Wells, A. F. The crystal structure of atacamite and the crystal chemistry of cupric compounds. Acta Crystallogr. 1949, 2, 175-80. (b) Paris, J. B; Hyde, B. G. The structure of atacamite and its relationship to spinel. Crystal. Struc. Comm. 1986, C42(10), 1277-80.〕〔Hawthorne, F. C. Refinement of the crystal structure of botallackite. Mineral Mag. 1985, 49, 87- 89.〕〔FLeet, M.E. The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl. Acta Crystallorg. 1975, 831, 183-187.〕〔(a) Jambor, J. L.; Dutrizac, J. E.; Roberts, A. C.; Grice, J. D.; Szyma´nski, J. T. Clinoatacamite, a new polymorph of Cu2(OH)3Cl, and its relationship to paratacamite and “anarakite”. Can. Mineral. 1996, 34, 61–72; (b) Grice, J.D.; Szyma´nski, J. T.; Jambor, J. L. The crystal structure of clinoatacamite, a new polymorph of Cu2(OH)3Cl. Can. Mineral. 1996, 34, 73–78.〕 The most common Cu2(OH)3Cl polymorph is atacamite. It is an oxidation product of other copper minerals, especially under arid, saline conditions. It was found in fumarolic deposits, and a weathering product of sulfides in subsea black smoker deposits. It was named for the Atacama Desert in Chile. Its color varies from blackish to emerald green. It is the sugar-like coating of dark green glistening crystals found on many bronze objects from Egypt and Mesopotamia. It has also been found in living systems such as the jaws of the marine bloodworm ''Glycera dibranchiate''. The stability of atacamite is evidenced by its ability to endure dynamic regimes in its natural geologic environment.〔〔〔〔(a) Lichtenegger, H. C.; Schöberl, T.; Bartl, M. H.; Waite, H.; Stucky, G. D. High Abrasion Resistance with Sparse Mineralization: Copper Biomineral in Worm Jaws. Science 2002, 298 (5592), 389 – 392; (b) Lichtenegger, H. C.; Birkedal, H.; Casa, D. M.; Cross, J. O.; Heald, S. M.; Waite, H.; Stucky, G. D. Distribution and Role of Trace Transition Metals in Glycera Worm Jaws Studied with Synchrotron Microbeam Techniques. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 2927-2931〕 Paratacamite is another Cu2(OH)3Cl polymorph that was named for the Atacama Desert in Chile. It has been identified in the powdery light-green corrosion product that forms on a copper or bronze surface – at times in corrosion pustules. It can be distinguished from atacamite by the rhombohedral shape of its crystals.〔〔〔 Botallackite is the least stable of the four Cu2(OH)3Cl polymorphs. It is pale bluish-green in color. This rare mineral was first found, and later identified, in the Botallack mine in Cornwall, England. It is also a rare corrosion product on archaeological finds. For instance, it was identified on an Egyptian statue of Bastet.〔〔〔 The fourth polymorph of Cu2(OH)3Cl family is clinoatacamite. It was found and identified around 1996 in Chuquicamata, Chile. It was named in allusion to its monoclinic morphology and relationship to atacamite. It too is pale green but has monoclinic crystals. Clinoatacamite can be easily confused with the closely related paratacamite. It is believed that clinoatacamite should replace most previously reported occurrences of paratacamite in the conservation literature.〔〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dicopper chloride trihydroxide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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